Consumer Data Repository System (CDRS) †Database Design

Table of Contentss Record Control General Information Modification Log Table of Contentss 1Introduction 1.1Purpose 1.2Target Audience 2ER Diagram 3Summary of Tables 4Detailed Table Design 4.1tblAccount 4.2tblAccountUpload 4.3tblIncrementalUpdateControl 4.4tblConsumer 4.5tblConsumerEmail 4.6tblConsumerPhoneOffice 4.7tblConsumerPhonehHome 4.8tblConsumerMobile 4.9tblConsumerFax 4.10tblUser 4.11tblAuditLog 4.12tblCummulativeSummary 4.13refAudit 4.14refGtariff 4.15refWtariff 4.16refSwtariff 4.17refState 4.18refDistrict 4.19refConsumerType 4.20refAccountStatus 4.21vwConsumer 4.22vwContact 5Lookup Codes 5.1District Codes †refDistrict 5.2Account Status Codes †refAccountStatus 5.3Audit Activity †refActvity1 Introduction1.1 PurposeThis papers is the Database Design for the SYABAS Consumer Data Repository System Enhancements ( CDRS ) .1.2 Target AudienceThe mark crowds for this Data Migration Specification papers include:CDRS Technical Workgroup to manage the endeavor advancement.Customer Service Department ( CSD ) to prove and check the demandsIT segment to confirm and O.K. the informations relocation programAnalysts and engineers to design and create informations movement processes.2 ER Diagram3 Summary of TablesNoTable NameDescriptiontblAccountShop history profiletblAccountUploadInformation identified with account informations replenishing from BASIS to CDRS.tblConsumerStore customer profile. An individual history may hold different consumers.tblConsumerEmailStore purchaser electronic mail. A customer may hold various electronic mails.tblConsumerFaxStore purchaser copy figure. . A shopper may hold various copy Numberss.tblConsumerMobileStore purchase r migrant figure. A shopper may hold numerous migrant Numberss.tblConsumerPhoneHomeShop purchaser place telephone figure. A shopper may hold different spot telephone Numberss.tblConsumerPhoneOfficeStore customer office telephone figure. A buyer may hold various office telephone Numberss.tblConsumerVerificationTrack all customer positions †position, day of the month changed, and refreshed bytblUserCDRS 2 user’s data, this will incorporate username, watchword, work, day of the month doled out, client electronic mail, last login, logout clasp and etc.refAccountStatusHistory position search even cluster ( this position is equivalent to history position in BASIS )refConsumerTypeConsumer type search plain arrayrefDistrictDistrict search plain arrayrefGTariffGTariff search even arrayrefSTariffSTariff search even arrayrefWTariffWTariff search plain arrayrefStateState search plain arrayvwConsumerConsumer positionvwContactConsumer contact position4 Detailed Table Design4.1 tblAcco untFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksAccountIDbigint ( 20 )NoAccount IdahoDistrictCdchar ( 2 )NoDistrict codificationAccountNobigint ( 10 )NoSyabas customer history no. In BASIS, this is buyer noCheckDigittinyint ( 1 )NoAccount check figureAccountStatusCdchar ( 2 )NoHistory position. Premise history position codification. Notice to refAccountStatus for substantial values.HouseNovarchar ( 150 )YesNothingItem 1 of reference position 13BlockNovarchar ( 150 )YesNothingItem 2 of reference group 13BuildingNamevarchar ( 150 )YesNothingItem 3 of reference design 13LotNovarchar ( 150 )YesNothingItem 4 of reference group 13Jalanvarchar ( 150 )YesNothingItem 5 of reference group 13Tamanvarchar ( 150 )YesNothingItem 6 of reference position 13Seksyenvarchar ( 150 )YesNothingItem 7 of reference form 13Kampungvarchar ( 150 )YesNothingItem 8 of reference position 13Areavarchar ( 150 )YesNothingItem 9 of reference position 13Zip codeint ( 5 )YesNothingItem 10 of reference position 13PostCodeAreavarchar ( 150 )YesNothingItem 11 of reference group 13StateCdchar ( 1 )YesNothingValid codification †S, K, PAddressvarchar ( 600 )YesNothingSingle line reference †mix of arrangement 13Address1varchar ( 65 )YesNothingNew reference line 1Address2varchar ( 65 )YesNothingNew reference line 2Address3varchar ( 65 )YesNothingNew reference line 3Address4varchar ( 65 )YesNothingNew reference line 4Address5varchar ( 65 )YesNothingNew reference line 5Address6varchar ( 65 )YesNothingNew reference line 6ConTypeIDtinyint ( 4 )YesNothingConsumer history typeSWTariffIDtinyint ( 4 )YesNothingS DutyGTariffIDtinyint ( 4 )YesNothingG DutyWTariffIDtinyint ( 4 )YesNothingW DutyWaterConsumptiondecimal ( 10,4 )YesNothingAverage H2O ingestionIndexs:KeynameTypeFieldPrimaryPrimaryAccountIDIndexAccountNo4.2 tblAccountUploadFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksUploadIDbigint ( 20 )NoUpload Idaho. uniqueDistrictCdChar ( 2 )NoDistrict codificationUploadDateday of the monthNoDate informations is uploadedLastSupplyDated ay of the monthNoIncremental update day of the month. Date history is activatedSuccessint ( 11 )NoNo of chronicles effectively uploadedFailedint ( 11 )NoNo of narratives neglected to be uploadedIndexs:KeynameTypeFieldPrimaryPrimaryUploadID4.3 tblIncrementalUpdateControlFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksDistrictCdChar ( 2 )NoDistrict codificationLastNewAccountDateday of the monthNoThis is the last gracefully day of the month used.LastAccountProfileDateday of the monthNoLast history profile update day of the monthLastInactiveAccountDateDateNoThis is the last discon day of the month used.LastWaterConsumptionDateDateNoThis is the last charged day of the month used4.4 tblConsumerFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksConsumerIDbigint ( 20 )NoConsumer Idaho. uniqueAccountIDbigint ( 20 )NoAccount Idaho.ConsumerTypeIDtinyint ( 4 )NoType †owner ( 0 ) , leaseholder ( 1 ) , other ( 2 ) . Notice to refConsumerType for inside informationsNamevarchar ( 150 )NoConsumer nameNewICNovarchar ( 15 )YesNothingN ew IC figure. This can other than be other notice figure. This data depends on BASIS which has other notice figure kept in this fieldOldICNovarchar ( 15 )YesNothingOld IC figureConsumerStatusint ( 3 )101 †Pending, 102 †Data Ready, 105 †DeletedLastUpdateDateday of the monthNoLast refreshed day of the monthLastUpdateByint ( 11 )NoRecord was last refreshed by who. Remote key.Indexs:KeynameTypeFieldPrimaryPrimaryConsumerID4.5 tblConsumerEmailFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksEmailIDbigint ( 20 )NoPrimary keyConsumerIDbigint ( 20 )NoForeign keyElectronic mailvarchar ( 50 )NoEmail referenceDefaultStatustinyint ( 1 )No0Flag to bespeak default electronic mailLastUpdateDateday of the monthNoLast refreshed day of the monthLastUpdateByint ( 11 )NoUser Idaho who refreshed the recordIndexs:KeynameTypeFieldPrimaryPrimaryEmailID4.6 tblConsumerPhoneOfficeFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksPhoneOfficeIDbigint ( 20 )NoPrimary keyConsumerIDbigint ( 20 )NoForeign keyTelephoneNovarchar ( 50 )NoTel ephone noDefaultStatustinyint ( 1 )No0Flag to bespeak default office phoneLastUpdateDateday of the monthNoLast refreshed day of the monthLastUpdateByint ( 11 )NoUser Idaho who refreshed the recordIndexs:KeynameTypeFieldPrimaryPrimaryPhoneOfficeID4.7 tblConsumerPhoneHomeFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksPhoneHomeIDbigint ( 20 )NoPrimary keyConsumerIDbigint ( 20 )NoForeign keyTelephoneNovarchar ( 50 )NoTelephone noDefaultStatustinyint ( 1 )No0Flag to bespeak default place phoneLastUpdateDateday of the monthNoLast refreshed day of the monthLastUpdateByint ( 11 )NoUser Idaho who refreshed the recordIndexs:KeynameTypeFieldPrimaryPrimaryPhoneHomeID4.8 tblConsumerMobileFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksMobileIDbigint ( 20 )NoPrimary keyConsumerIDbigint ( 20 )NoForeign keyMobileNovarchar ( 50 )NoTelephone noDefaultStatustinyint ( 1 )No0Flag to bespeak default portable phoneLastUpdateDateday of the monthNoLast refreshed day of the monthLastUpdateByint ( 11 )NoUser Idaho who refreshed the recordIndex s:KeynameTypeFieldPrimaryPrimaryMobileID4.9 tblConsumerFaxFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksFaxIDbigint ( 20 )NoPrimary keyConsumerIDbigint ( 20 )NoForeign keyFaxNovarchar ( 50 )NoPhone no/Facsimile NumberDefaultStatustinyint ( 1 )No0Flag to bespeak default copy figureLastUpdateDateday of the monthNoLast refreshed day of the monthLastUpdateByint ( 11 )NoUser Idaho who refreshed the recordIndexs:KeynameTypeFieldPrimaryPrimaryFaxID4.10 tblUserFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksUserIDint ( 11 )NoPrimary keyUserNamevarchar ( 255 )NoUser login nameElectronic mailvarchar ( 255 )YesNothingUser electronic mail referencePasswordvarchar ( 255 )NoUser watchwordFunctionint ( 2 )NoLastLoginday of the monthNoLogoutTimeday of the monthNoAppIDvarchar ( 255 )NoDistrictCDchar ( 2 )NoNovellIDvarchar ( 150 )YesNothingAssignedvarchar ( 2 )YesNothingIndexs:KeynameTypeFieldPrimaryPrimaryUserID4.11 tblAuditLogFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksLogIDint ( 11 )NoPrimary keyLogDateTimetimestampNoTime castUserIDvarchar ( 25 5 )YesNothingUser ID. Outside cardinalDisctrictCdVarchar ( 2 )NoDistrict codificationActivityIDInt ( 11 )NoActivity performed by the client. Notice to refAudit for inside informationsDisctrictCdVarchar ( 2 )NoDistrict codificationAccountIDBigint ( 20 )NoAccount. Material if action is identified with a historyConsumerIDBigint ( 20 )NoConsumer. Relevant if movement is identified with a consumerRemarksVarchar ( 255 )NoAdditional data for the activityIndexs:KeynameTypeFieldPrimaryPrimaryLogIDIndexUserIDIndexAccountIDIndexConsumerIDIndexActivityID4.12 tblCummulativeSummaryFieldTypeNothingDefaultRemarksDisctrictCdChar ( 2 )NoDistrict codificationDateSummaryDateNoDate drumhead informations is generatedEntire Active HistoriesInt ( 11 )No0No of dynamic historiesEntire Inactive HistoriesInt ( 11 )No0No of dormant historiesEntire ConsumersInt ( 11 )NoEssay Writing Service Fully referenced, conveyed on cut, Essay Writing Service.Assignment Writing Service Everything we do is focussed on forming the most ideal task for your careful demandsTaging Service Our Marking Service will help you select the nations of your work that need betterment.View our servicesFree APA Referencing Tool Create your sixth Edition APA specifies quickly, simple and for free!Free Harvard Referen

Respond essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

React - Essay Example Individuals need to dispose of their otherness in the other culture through digestion. They need to receive Anglicized names so as to have themselves acknowledged as would be expected creatures. They would prefer not to be de alla, for which they need to embrace a personality that is not quite the same as one they are brought into the world with. Thus, Munoz’s principle center is around the need of individuals to receive Anglicized names to adjust in another culture that is better than their own. 2. Munoz doesn't express his proposal proclamation straight away; rather, he begins with a record of a Mexican lady calling a guest at the air terminal, and afterward depicts how his cousins and others in the family changed their names so as to get themselves acknowledged in the English society. Munoz, a lot later in the paper, discusses how osmosis influences one’s personality, when he says: â€Å"It applies to expecting to have a place, of seeing all things considered and thinking about how to get in and afterward, once inside, acknowledging there are consistently those still on the fringe† (Munoz, para.17). In a similar passage, Munoz states how the destructive impact of absorption influences an individual’s social personality. He expresses that absorption brings about one culture uprooting the other, and this happens when one can't support two personalities in one being, for which he needs to leave one and embrace the other that is helpful for him as far as l iving and calling. One needs to yield to the new culture to feel acknowledged, or from a more extensive perspective, to escape from ethnic/racial separation. 3. Munoz gives arrangements of names to strengthen his proposal explanation. He specifies names of his cousins, his granddad, and others in his loved ones, to underscore upon his theory articulation. I thought that it was a tad diverting, despite the fact that it was useful in understanding what he truly intended to state. A couple of models were extremely important to get a reasonable seeing, yet I truly thought that it was irritating to experience such a significant number of names,

How to Use Kanban to Improve Business Productivity

How to Use Kanban to Improve Business Productivity © Shutterstock.com | Bakhtiar ZeinThe focus of this article is to provide a complete guide to the topic of Kanban and how to use it to improve business productivity. We will explore 1) what is Kanban, 2) how to use Kanban to improve business productivity, 3) types of Kanban, 4) case study, and 5) conclusion.DEFINITION OF KANBANWhat is Kanban?Kanban is a technique that ensures efficient management of the software development process. This procedure may be compared to a pipeline where feature requests are entered from one end, and enhanced software comes as output from the other end.Inside the pipeline, a formal or informal process goes on, and there might be bottlenecks in the flow of that process. When this happens, the throughput of the whole pipeline becomes restricted to the bottleneck’s throughput.A Kanban system comprises a huge board on the wall having sticky notes or cards kept in numbered columns. The cards stand for work items that flow along the development procedure ind icated by the columns. The numbers imply limits on cards each column is allowed to have.Who can use Kanban?Software development teams and IT project managers widely make use of Kanban boards. These are also used by a number of other project teams and business managers to conduct smart work and streamline the business procedure. In short, Kanban boards can be used by those people who need the following:Visualization of the work that is in progress;Instant comprehension of impediments responsible for delay and taking actions for their removal;Improvement of communication amongst team members;Team empowerment for self-management of workflows and visual processes;Inspiration for team collaboration.Why we need Kanban?Now the point is why Kanban is required at all. Well, there are indeed reasons to apply Kanban and let us see what these are:Flow visualization in a perfect manner: The Kanban board offers a lucid view of the work that is currently going on. Visualization of the flow ensures fast tracking and planning. In fact, by visualizing the work, you can understand the manner in which it is proceeding so that if changes are required, proper and timely decision can be taken.Capability of altering priorities on the fly: In case of Kanban, if you need to implement an urgent request, or have a very significant user story, you can simply place it on the top of the queue. Whenever a free slot is there, it will be taken up.Capability of releasing anytime: In XP or Scrum, the release is not possible in the midst of iteration. However, in Kanban, the anytime release is feasible. So, you are able to release whenever there is a ready user story.Showing WIPs: For every state within the workflow, work in progress has a limit. WIP is defined as verage amount of unfinished items (bugs, user stories, change requests, etc.) in the development system. Within the local WIP limit, whenever capacity is available, fresh work is drawn into the fresh information discovery activity.Exper imentation and Collaboration: Kanban leads to continuous, small, evolutionary and incremental changes that stick. This gives a boost to self-governance and motivation of teams.HOW TO USE KANBAN TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITYProcess for implementation of KanbanKanban can be successfully implemented in any business process. By following these steps, Kanban can be implemented to improve business productivity.Step 1: Visualize the workFirst of all, break down the workflow from the moment of getting started to the point the job is finished into clear-cut steps. For each of the steps, draw a column. Once this is done, obtain some stickies. Note down all the tasks, using a separate sticky note for each. For various kinds of work, use various colors. Place the sticky notes on the whiteboard. Gradually shift each task from left to right till it is over and goes out of the workflow.Step 2: Put a limit on WIPIt is a fact that if you juggle innumerable balls with your hands, you begin dropping the bal ls. Kanban revolves around maintenance of flow and elimination of waste. Begin by imposing limits on the columns where tasks are being done. If you put WIP limits, it will pave the way for enforcement of a high, seamless flow of work and ensure elimination of various types of wastes.Step 3: Pull, instead of pushingFriction amongst teams is a common matter, particularly when one is showing better performance and is able to push or generate more work than another can manage. To solve this, businesses might opt for the pull system, where the successive team pulls work only at a time when it is ready for the same. The pull system can be implemented through the addition of a limited capacity buffer in between different teams.Step 4: Improve through monitoring and adaptationA Cumulative Flow Chart is the best tool for measurement of Kanban performance. Daily mark the number of tasks that are in each column or at some place down the workflow. This will lead to the production of a chart tha t looks like a mountain, giving insight into the procedure, by showing past performance and enabling prediction of future results.Kanban BoardA Kanban board is a tool for visualization of work and workflow that allows optimization of the flow of work. In case of physical Kanban boards, issues, progress, and status is communicated through sticky notes over a whiteboard.Considerations before implementing KanbanKanbans are, in fact, lean information tools that control material flow in organizations. To implement Kanban, you need to consider certain things:Kanbans are visual communication tools from the point of use to the preceding operation, that is, from the client to the supplier.Suppliers can also consider them as purchase orders.Kanbans can be regarded as work orders with respect to the manufacturing area.They are crucial in eliminating paperwork.Kanbans are not suitable for the following:Single piece or batch (or lot) production (for instance, it would not be advisable to go for Kanban if the output is five pieces in a year);Systems where suppliers are required to carry inventory along with the related carrying costs (lean implies a win-win situation; inventory schemes including consignments do not lead to a win-win situation);Safety stock;Tools for long-range planning (alteration in part number use as a result of engineering alterations, new product introductions or customer variations in usage of product are things that are better handled by conventional methods).It is advisable to launch the Kanban project with around six to eight items, which highlight only a particular area of the facility. When you are launching the initiative for a particular department or part of the organization, ensure that the organization is aware of the launch. When the already existing items are experiencing a smooth flow and the organization has increased support for Kanban, more areas and items can be added.There are certain guidelines for implementing Kanban. For proper imp lementation, you need to keep in mind the following:The prerequisites for Kanban implementation are setup reduction and uniform production. If you do not have setup reduction in position, order sizes cannot be brought down. Uniform production or requirements should begin the Kanban learning curve although there are methods to cope up in an environment where there are erratic demands.It would be a great idea to paint all reusable containers including carts and totes, a visible and fresh color. If this is done, the Kanban initiative becomes optimally visible to everybody within the organization at the time of launching. Moreover, your team will have the opportunity to conveniently identify a signal or container that is not in order.For implementing Kanban, you need to certify the external suppliers. The point in certifying suppliers is that the deliveries of those suppliers who are certified need not go through inspection owing to their record of outstanding quality. Supplier part Kan bans that are put on hold or rejected can be extremely disruptive.Make use of Kanban supermarkets. These supermarkets happen to be intermediate storage places at the customer level between the customers and the suppliers catering to them. Supermarkets come to use when there are a number of internal customers for an internal or external supplier. They act as barriers preventing the supplier from obtaining manifold signals from every internal customer of the organization for that particular supplier. In fact, the external or internal supplier gets replenishment signals from solely the supermarket pertaining to the customer.Kanban RulesFor proper implementation of Kanban, certain rules need to be followed. Only by following those rules will the organizations realize maximum output.If all the members pertaining to the value chain are not completely involved, it is not advisable to go for a physical product or an information product. This includes taking into account the customers, as we ll as the external suppliers. It is a fact that unless you have top-notch suppliers, you cannot become a top-notch manufacturer.Endeavor to attain quality at the very source. Refrain from sending defective physical products or information to the customers. Go for immediate correction of defects. Otherwise, there will be a shutdown of the customer’s line.To implement Kanban, you need to have the support of reliable equipment. So, apply Kanbans in internal areas where you already have TPM or Total Productive Management.Try to apply Kanbans on part numbers and products where monthly delivery requirements are stable along with steady lead times and short setup. In parts that have great variations in monthly customer requisites, efforts towards reducing raw material lead time and setup reduction should be concentrated.All external, as well as internal suppliers, need to possess or should be given assistance to develop programs for setup reduction. Only when manufacturing capacity and i n turn lead time is not influenced by setup times, can the potential of Kanbans be fully unleashed.The customer is the point of use, and the delivery of all materials by the suppliers must be done to the customers. If certification is pending for suppliers and inspection is required, customers should be trained to do the inspection. Alternatively, a certified supplier should replace the yet to be certified one.Kanbans are not permanent and might call for experimentation. Initially, you must be prepared to make adjustments to alterations in sales levels or other enhancement initiatives to bring down the requisite number of Kanban cards or containers.TYPES OF KANBANIn most Kanban systems utilized in organizations, a number of different types of cards come into play. Here are the major types.Withdrawal Kanban: They are also known as move cards or conveyance kanbans and are utilized for signaling whenever a component is to be shifted from one production part to another. The card is conn ected to a stipulated number of parts that are taken to the working place where they are required. When the parts are utilized, the return of the card takes place as a signal for sending the same part with the same number back.Production Kanban: This consists of an exhaustive list of all the things the part needs so that it is completed. This incorporates the requisite materials and parts along with the information that a withdrawal Kanban includes. A production Kanban enables the production system to begin with the production and also explain the things that should be produced.Express Kanban: This type of Kanbans come to the scene when there is an unanticipated shortage of parts. They signal that an increasing number of a particular part is needed. The aim is to ensure that there is no slowing down of the manufacturing process. Express Kanbans are often called as signal Kanbans. They are mainly used for triggering purchases.Emergency Kanban: These are the Kanbans that are used for the replacement of defective parts or for signaling an abrupt change in the quantity of the product that is required to be produced. Contrary to express Kanbans, organizations make use of emergency Kanbans when a part fails to work in a similar manner in which it is expected to, or when there are certain alterations in the production conditions. Express Kanbans, on the contrary, are utilized for making the original production conditions seamlessly running.Through Kanban: These are, in fact, a combination of production and withdrawal Kanbans. These are used in a situation when both the work centers pertaining to these Kanbans are situated adjacent to each other. This in turn, speeds up the production process. For example, in case the area of storage for the components is exactly beside the area wherein the assembling of the product is taking place, it saves time to have one Kanban pull the parts and operate them across the production procedure.Supplier Kanban: This type of Kanban mov es right away to a supplier, which is, in fact, an organization from where the manufacturer purchases material. The Kanban system of the supplier is entered as a representation of that of the manufacturer.CASE STUDYHere is a very good case study of how Kanban has been applied in the case of a marketing team, with the prime aim to enhance the transparency of the process. This particular team, which is an external and internal group organizing educational events, was popular for carrying out their tasks successfully. However, the team identified a significant absence of transparency, which prevents the team members from getting an idea of the “big picture”.The consensus that all of them required enhanced process visualization was a good position to start off as well as an excellent incentive that would work out.The person, who was the creator of this idea quickly got to work and prepared a Kanban introduction of one and a half hour for the non-agile team. He obtained the approval of the supervisor and started designing a Kanban board. All the team members came together, and a Kanban system was designed from scratch:The item types were decided. Initially there were two, for offline and online events, but it was rapidly identified that having two items created no difference; hence they stuck to only a single event.The team then charted out its workflow. The team members organized the workflow as inbox (the arrival of new events), briefing (small meet up with stakeholders), preparation (getting the real work done in sub-columns of do, doing and done) , running and finally, done (consisting of feedback and debriefing for certain events)The lockers of the team were chosen for the creation of the Kanban boards, each locker representing a column. The plan was to go to the establishment of WIP limits and policies. However, once all the ongoing events were visualized by the team on the Kanban board, the team precisely got what was required. So, for the time being, th ey stopped there.After around two days, the team understood the requirement for adding swimlanes with respect to tasks that were not related to any event, as well as for other types of items. The board had potential and the requirement to grow. The creator also found the need for improvement of the delivery time of the team, though executing this in reality might be difficult due to the deadline attached to each event, regarding which nothing more could be done. This was again a thing that required working out.The overall result of this experiment was that, irrespective of the line of work you are in, Kanban comes up with wonderful ways of making enhancements, a step at a time. Here, only the workflow visualization part was utilized by the team. By holding review meetings and adding WIP limits, more improvement could be done.CONCLUSIONThe Kanban method, in fact, incorporates a scientific approach which when implemented, leads to incremental, continuous and evolutionary changes withi n the organizations, which ultimately leads to more productivity and enhancement of the bottom line. Regardless of the type of Kanban used, it should be understood that the Kanban system is a route to achieving a purpose and measure the capability towards the same. On the whole, Kanban is not a procedure, but something that finds application in an existing working method to understand different aspects such as workflow, WIP, continuous improvement, and cadence.

Relationship Between Info Sec And Cia Model - 1437 Words

The answer discusses the following: 1) Relationship between Info Sec and CIA model. (What is a CIA model). 2) Introduction to the 3 principles. Relationship between the three principles 3) Ways to ensure CIA 4) Confidentiality with Policy, Technology and Education. Two examples with how confidentiality is lost with policy and technology on Storage/Processing/Transmission aspects. The practice of defending digital information from unauthorized Access, Use, Recording, Disruption, Modification and Destruction is Information Security. There comes a question as to how do we start building or evaluating a security system. The answer is CNSS model or McCumbers cube (Committee on National Security Systems). The cube is an elaborate model for†¦show more content†¦Whenever an unauthorized individual or a party can view information, confidentiality is breached. Integrity: Integrity deals with maintaining the consistency, accuracy, and trustworthiness of data over its entire life cycle. Data must not be changed in the transition period, and steps must be taken to ensure that data is not altered by unauthorized people. Availability: Informational availability is that the information should be made available for the right people at the right time. If an attacker can bring down a service for a period, it affects the access of information to the required people. Relationship between the three principles: Whenever an unauthorized individual can access the information, its confidentiality is lost. The person is likely to alter the information according to his needs, along with which the integrity of the information is lost. The person may try to restrict the user from the accessing the information either by bringing down the service for a period or modifying the information in such a way that the originality is lost, here the availability is lost. This is how the three principles are integrated. There are certain ways to ensure Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability which is discussed below: Confidentiality: There are some of the methods that ensure that confidentiality is not disturbed. For example - Cryptography and EncryptionShow MoreRelatedNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 Pages36 Chapter 14: Measures to Reduce Tensions and Prevent War 41 CHAPTER 16: The Law of the Sea 43 CHAPTER 17: The Constitutional Framework for the Division of Nat’l Security Powers Between Congress, the President and the Court 48 The 1973 War Powers Resolution 49 II. The War Powers Resolution: A Debate between JNM and Frederick Tipson 50 CHAPTER 18: The National Security Process 60 CHAPTER 19: intelligence and Counterintelligence 63 CHAPTER 20: Access to Information 65 CHAPTER 21: FreedomRead MoreChipotle18199 Words   |  73 Pagesborrowed $85,000 from his father (structured as part loan and part equity investment) to open his first Chipotle, that served a limited menu of tacos and burritos (Ells, 2007). Ells applied the combined training and techniques he learned at the CIA and as sous-chef to perfect the food he served. He determined to have a different type of fast-food restaurant; he was emphatic about his belief that only the highest quality ingredients were included in the burritos and tacos he served. Chipotle’sRead MoreCissp Study Guide67657 Words   |  271 PagesAvailability can be defined as: lTe sts Explanation: There are several small and large objectives of a security program, but the main three principles in all programs are confidentiality, integrity, and availability. These are referred to as the CIA triad. Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 62 .co m Answer: C ISC CISSP: Practice Exam C. ) The Technical communications and Network Security domain D. ) The Telnet and Security domain Answer: A Explanation: The TelecommunicationsRead MoreAccounting Information System Chapter 1137115 Words   |  549 PagesCHAPTER 1 ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1.1 The value of information is the difference between the benefits realized from using that information and the costs of producing it. Would you, or any organization, ever produce information if its expected costs exceeded its benefits? If so, provide some examples. If not, why not? Most organizations produce information only if its value exceeds its cost. However, there are two situationsRead MoreRed Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Security Guide50668 Words   |  203 Pagescan calculate aspects such as data integrity and high-availability (HA) as part of their planning and process management costs. In some industries, such as electronic commerce, the availability and trustworthiness of data can mean the difference between success and failure. 1.1.1.1. How did Computer Security come about? Information security has evolved over the years due to the increasing reliance on public networks not to disclose personal, financial, and other restricted information. T here are

Essay Teenagers and Low Self-esteem - 714 Words

Over fifty percent of all teenagers in the United States struggle with low self esteem. Self-esteem is defined as an irrational and distorted view of self that affects the person’s assumptions, interpretations, perceptions, conclusions beliefs about himself or herself as well as others. This can result in a person being very critical of self and others and/or using poor judgment in decision-making (Questions and Answers about Low Self-Esteem (LSE)). Ninety percent of teenage females aged between fifteen and seventeen want to change at least one physical appearance on their body. Of all the things that they wanted to be changed, body weight has the highest amount. Low self-esteem is a major issue in the United States that results in many†¦show more content†¦Now that just comes to show a small amount of the seventy million children that are known to have low self-esteem. Twelve percent of boys are using steroids or muscle mass supplements to become what society wants. By now Americans, men and women alike need to start to take a look at how we are basically raising our children. There is no way to shield or protect them from media. But, it can be changed. Advertising, pageants, commercials, billboards, TV shows. All places where the negative media is found though many more exist. People show the perfect Barbie doll figure that is really completely impossible to achieve without changing yourself. Children are exposed to it making them feel like that’s what they need to become. They are influenced on what fake people look like. Girls especially gain a need to look older and â€Å"more beautiful† when they are perfect just the way they are. â€Å"Everybody is beautiful.† Everyone has seen the picture depicting a skinny, normal, and larger woman all of whom are beautiful. To me, an equal society for men and women would be one where shampoo adverts also include men washing their hair provocatively while frolicking in the shower. 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Climate Change in Africa and Its Effects Free Essays

Suggest ways in which climate change might affect Africa’s physical environment? Many things will happen to Africa’s physical environment as climate change happens, however the main ones will be: decreased or no change in crop growing with some even going down over 20%, decreased rainfall in parts where there already is only 1-100mm a year anyway; it contains around 29% of the world’s mammals, birds and plants and also 17% of the amphibians and reptiles, and finally Africa has a lot of low lying coastal areas which are prone to flooding. This leads onto my first point†¦ As the ice caps continue to deteriorate in size and melt into the oceans, they then rise. This directly causes problems to low lying land areas Africa like Tunisia who is right next to the sea. We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Change in Africa and Its Effects or any similar topic only for you Order Now The reasons for this is that flooding will happen and cause the infrastructure to be washed away and also a lot of the population in Africa are of a poor nature and so flooding happens they lose out or at worst perish from malnourishment as a result of the flooding from the sea and decreased rainfall, this links to my next paragraph, As a result of climate change Africa has seen droughts rising especially in the Sahara. The cause of this is most likely the decreased rainfall that in some places is predicted to drop by at least 10-20% a huge amount considering the amount of vegetation and animals supported by this rainfall which by 2050 will largely in part be gone as a result of climate change. In conclusion even though there may be some good benefactors to do with climate change effecting African environment, most however are on the negative side as they are effects like reduced rainfall and flooding to low lying areas, which are easily flooded as they are built next to the sea. Another process that of costal erosion where as the flood water retreats it starts to wear down the vick. Examine the possible economic impacts of projected climate change for the African continent? Firstly there are many economic reasons which will be impacted on the other hand there are a few main ones these include crops getting destroyed by either flooding or droughts, another is rainfall and last is the malaria outbreaks more often. Secondly, droughts and floods have a disastrous effect on the economy, the reason for this is that crops won’t be growing or are washed away. This then directly effects most African nations that are experiencing it as then they will lose out on their crop harvest and also the economy’s there are mostly agricultural. The floods and droughts also will then go onto effect the people. This leads on to my next point†¦ When the rainfall starts to decrease by sometimes up 20% so do the crop harvest. This again creates the same problem as before during floods and droughts this is because again that it affected the food supply and as the economy is agricultural many more people become more bankrupt and put into the poverty cycle. Thirdly Malaria is a great threat to the economy as, as it gets hotter they begin to migrate to new places around Africa. Because these mosquitos have Malaria the places where they have been spreading to are more than likely not to have a vaccine. This then affects the economy as a lot of people are off of work and so can cost the country millions going into billions of dollars this again creating a poverty trap. In conclusion there are many factors that affect the economy. To start with Malaria is most definitely one as the more people it infects the more people are out of work and so are not contributing to the economy this then links to decreased rainfall as predicted by 2050, which is North Africa and so as that heats up it increases the mosquitos that migrate there and so this creates a Major town. How to cite Climate Change in Africa and Its Effects, Essay examples

Federal Court of Australia Protection Visa

Question: Discuss about the Federal Court of Australia for Protection Visa. Answer: 1. In this question, the effect of the decision given in this case by the Federal Court of Australia has been considered. Before discussing the impact of this decision, the brief facts of this case also needs to be mentioned. In this case, a citizen of Thailand had arrived in Australia on a visitor visa. This person applied unsuccessfully for a protection visa. The case went up to the High Court but the applicant would not be successful. Later on, when the person did not have any outstanding visa, an application was made by this person for partner visa while the person was still onshore. However the department refused the application for partner visa on the grounds that in this case the criteria mentioned in Schedule 3 has not been satisfied. Under these circumstances, the applicant cited several circumstances which according to him, amounted to be compelling reasons for waiving the criteria mentioned in Schedule 3. But it was the opinion of the Department and also of the Tribunal th at the matters on which the applicant had relied upon, were not present when he had made the application for the grant of the partner visa and as a result, these circumstances cannot be considered as the compelling reasons for waiving the criteria mentioned in Schedule 3. The application for judicial review was rejected by the Federal Circuit Court but the finding of the Full Court was that in this case, the Tribunal as well as the Federal Circuit Court had not interpreted the provisions of subclause 820.211(2)(d)(ii) properly. The result was that it was a finding of the Full Court that the Tribunal had committed a jurisdictional error when it interpreted that meaning of the provision mentioned in sub clause 820.211(2)(d)(ii) that the matters that can be considered as the compelling reasons for waiving the criteria mentioned in schedule 3 should be present when the application for partner visa is being made. The law provides in this context that for the purpose of being processed, a successful onshore application requires that the primary applicant should have a substantive visa when the application is being made in order to lodge a valid application for visa. But if this is not the case, the law requires that the criteria that have been mentioned in Schedule 3 of the Migration Regulations should be satisfied by the applicant. In this context, the requirements that have been prescribed by the law require that an application for a new substantive visa should be made by the applicant while he or she has a valid substantive visa. However the requirements that are concerned with the Schedule 3 criteria can be waived, in view of sub-clause 820.211(2)(d)(ii) of the Regulations, if the Department believes that there are compelling reasons due to which the criteria mentioned in schedule 3 should not be applied. In the past, before this decision, generally the Department as well as the Tribunal a dopted a practice that the requirements of the schedule 3 criteria were considered that were present at the time of the making of the application. The effect of this situation was that the circumstances that were mentioned before the Department or the Tribunal as having an effect on the applicant's situation after the application has been made were not considered while evaluating the application. But the situation was change as a result of the decision given in this case. The Full Court stated in this case that the legislation does not impose the temporal limitation on the compelling and the compassionate grounds on which the applicant may rely upon while the department or the Tribunal considers the waiver of schedule 3 criteria. In this way, the Court interpreted the provisions of sub-clause 820.211(2)(d) and stated that the impact of the compelling circumstances can be considered even when the application is being evaluated and not only the circumstances that were present at the time of the application. The result of this interpretation was that the Department and the Tribunal was under an obligation to consider the circumstances that existed when they evaluated the application and not only the circumstances of the applicant that existed when the applicant lodged the application. Dowsett J expressed an opinion that the legislative requirements have not impose a limitation related with the time when the relevant circumstances of the applicant can be evaluated. On the other hand, he expressed the opinion that a decision has been granted to the Minister regarding the waiver power. In this context, it was also mentioned by the Court that the temporal limitation should not be considered as the relevant criterion in itself. Similarly, the opinion of Griffiths J was that the purpose behind the introduction of the waiver power was to do away with the difficulties that were present for the applicants and also to evaluate all the cases individually and keeping in view the personal circumstances of the applicants. Due to the reason that no express provisions exist which place restrictions on the exercise of the compelling circumstances only that were present when the application was made, rejecting the relevant and compelling circumstances of the applicants that existed at the time when the application is being assessed, will not be correct. In this way, it can be said that the implication of the decision given in this case is that the grounds on which the applicants may rely for the waiver of schedule 3 criteria have been significantly expanded. The effect of this situation will be that the chances for the applicants will be increased to remain on-shore while the application is being evaluated. Are the same time, the decision will also have a retrospective effect on the cases that were decided earlier by relying on the compelling circumstances that existed at the time of the application and ignoring the circumstances arising afterwards. Although even now, the relevant cases will still have to be decided on the grounds of the facts of each case but the courts will have the power to review a decision given after the official review period of 35 days as passed. 2. In this question, the principles of statutory interpretation that were relied upon by the Full Court for arriving at the conclusion that the provisions of sub-clause 820.211(2)(d)(ii) provides that the compelling circumstances related with the waiver of schedule 3 criteria should be considered that were present when the circumstances took place. As a result of this interpretation of the provision, the Department as well as the Tribunal were under an obligation to consider the circumstances that were present at the time of considering the application and not only the circumstances that were present when the application was made. In this context, the Migration Regulations, 1994 provide in Sub-clause 820.211(2)(d)(ii) that the criteria mentioned in schedule they can be made only if the Department is of the opinion that compelling reasons exist for not applying it. Generally the department adopted the practice in this regard that the circumstances that existed when the application was made were to be considered by the department. The result was that the other compelling circumstances that arose after the application was lodged, and were brought to the notice of the Department or the Tribunal as having an impact on the applicant's situation, were not considered while evaluating the application. Due to the approach that was adopted by the Full Court in deciding that the legislation has not imposed temporal limitation in case of the compelling circumstances that can be considered when the matter of the schedule 3 criteria was evaluated. Therefore, while interpreting these provisions, it was the opinion of the full court that the circumstances that came into existence after the application for visa was lodged, can also be considered and therefore it was not restricted to the circumstances that were in existence at the time of the application made for waiving schedule 3 criteria. The effect of this statutory interpretation adopted by the Court was that the Department and the Tribunal were required to consider the circumstances that came into existence when they were evaluating the application and not only the circumstances that were present when the applicant had made the application. References/Case law Waensila v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2016] FCAFC 32

Abeka 11th grade American Literature Test 12 (final exam) Flashcard

Abeka 11th grade American Literature Test 12 (final exam)

John Maynard Keynes Essays - Third Portuguese Republic, Free Essays

John Maynard Keynes Essays - Third Portuguese Republic, Free Essays John Maynard Keynes UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE VENEZUELA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECON?MICAS Y SOCIALES ESCUELA DE ADMINISTRACI?N Y CONTADUR?A. DESARROLLO ECON?MICO. John Maynard Keynes Integrantes: Arciniegas, Ver?nica Oliveira, Carlos Caracas, 2008-10-16 John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946), economista brit?nico. Sus ideas, sustrato de una nueva escuela de pensamiento econ?mico denominada keynesianismo o ?nueva ciencia econ?mica?, influyeron de forma determinante en el dise?o de las pol?ticas econ?micas de muchos pa?ses desde la finalizaci?n de la II Guerra Mundial. PRINCIPALES CONTRIBUCIONES AL PENSAMIENTO ECON?MICO. Tratado sobre probabilidades (1921) y Tratado sobre el dinero (1930). En esta ?ltima intent? analizar por qu? la econom?a funciona de forma irregular, as? como por qu? est? sujeta a las sucesivas expansiones y depresiones que caracterizan a los ciclos econ?micos. No obstante, no lograba explicar la problem?tica de las depresiones prolongadas. Keynes analiz? en profundidad los problemas relativos a las depresiones prolongadas en La teor?a general sobre el empleo, el inter?s y el dinero. Argument? la inexistencia de mecanismos de ajuste autom?tico que permitan a la econom?a recuperarse de las recesiones. Afirmaba que el ahorro no invertido prolonga el estancamiento econ?mico y que las inversiones empresariales dependen de la creaci?n de nuevos mercados, de la utilizaci?n de nuevos adelantos t?cnicos y de otras variables independientes del tipo de inter?s o de ahorro. Puesto que la inversi?n empresarial fluct?a, no se puede esperar que ?sta pueda preservar un nivel de pleno empleo y unos ingresos estables. Por ello, aseguraba que deb?an ser los gobiernos (factor ignorado hasta entonces), los que tendr?an que convertirse en instrumentos econ?micos activos y compensar (a trav?s de pol?ticas econ?micas adecuadas) la insuficiencia de inversi?n privada durante una recesi?n con la reducci?n de impuestos y, sobre todo, con el incre mento del gasto p?blico. Su soluci?n para el problema fue que los gobiernos se hicieran cargo del d?ficit invirtiendo en obras p?blicas y otros proyectos para incrementar la necesidad de trabajadores As?, defendi? los programas econ?micos de inversi?n p?blica que ya se estaban ensayando en el Reino Unido y, muy especialmente, en Estados Unidos, donde el presidente Franklin Delano Roosevelt hab?a afrontado la lucha contra la Gran Depresi?n con su pol?tica de New Deal. Su obra m?s conocida, La teor?a general sobre el empleo, el inter?s y el dinero (1936), se public? en medio de una enorme crisis econ?mica. Seg?n Keynes, la econom?a ya no funcionaba seg?n los principios cl?sicos que hab?an dominado la teor?a econ?mica durante m?s de un siglo, por lo que era necesario dise?ar nuevas pol?ticas. Keynes escribi? sus opiniones en lo referente al empleo, teor?a monetaria, y el ciclo de comercio, entre otros temas. En su teor?a de la ocupaci?n keynes afirmaba que ?Para lograr el objetivo de ocupaci?n plena, se hace necesario una pol?tica publica de salarios flexibles. Introdujo dos conceptos ?oferta u demanda agregada? para explicar la relaci?n entre el nivel de ocupaci?n y el nivel de producci?n. El desempleo es causado por una demanda agregada total deficiente. Para cada nivel de producci?n hay un nivel correspondiente de ocupaci?n. Si la demanda total agregada no es suficiente para absorber la oferta total de trabajadores, habr? desempleo forzado. Al hablar de la demanda total agregada se refiere a la demanda de bienes y servicios para toda la econom?a. La demanda total agregada la dividi? Keynes en dos elementos: la demanda de bienes de consumo y la demanda de bienes de inversi?n. La fusi?n de esto dos elemento y su aplicaci?n al an?lisis de la teor?a de la renta nacional fue lo revolucionario de este pensamiento. Keynes hizo claro que la demanda por bienes de consumo y la demanda por bienes de inversi?n son funciones independientes y por esta raz?n puede surgir el problema de que la demanda total agregada sea inadecuada para mantener el nivel de producci?n de ocupaci?n plena. Keynes dec?a que la causa real del desempleo era el insuficiente gasto en inversi?n. ?l cre?a que la cantidad de trabajo entregada es diferente cuando el decremento en los salarios reales (el producto marginal del trabajo) se debe al decremento del salario monetario, que en el caso cuando se debe a un incremento del nivel de precios, asumiendo que el sa lario monetario se mantenga constante. Se puede sintetizar su aporte en el concepto de que cuando la demanda deviene transitoriamente m?s peque?a, ello puede

Implementation of triage protocol for nurses Dissertation

Implementation of triage protocol for nurses - Dissertation Example Assigning degree of urgency to patients based on the health conditions and nature of the disease increases the effectiveness of the treatment, and reduces the time lag between the patient’s visit and treatment. Triage protocols useful in this regard are highly specialized and needs thorough training to the professionals especially, the nurses. For example, pediatric triage protocols include pediatric cough, pediatric vomiting and several other types. Triage services need to be reliable and cost effective for their application in hospitals or private nursing homes. The process starts from the visits of the patients or the calls received from the patients (telephone triage). Correct protocol needs to be identified based on the symptoms as explained by the patients. The patients are asked the relevant questions based on the check-list for confirmation to make the preliminary diagnostic procedure effective to provide the appropriate health care required. This will make the process simpler down the line for treatment and nursing. Nursing triage protocol system in an organization enhances the efficiency level and improves patient health care. The implementation of Triage Protocol in an organization involves establishment of infrastructure required for triage practice including the support services and training to the triage nurses in the triage policies of the organization and the triage procedures to be adopted on day-to-day work in triage practice. Initiating treatment in triage room calls for broader understanding and knowledge about the triage practices for efficiency in performance. Search strategy There are several permutations and combinations involved in deciding the appropriate course of treatment based on the analysis of symptoms. Triage protocols makes it easier since the diagnostic procedures are seamlessly integrated into the treatments required and the timeline. Inclusion and exclusion criteria in diagnostic process with reference to a particular treatment proposed are standardized. Search strategy mainly depends upon the Key Words. The search is conducted on the components for its causal link with the formal problem. This is followed by clinical trials. The validation of the proposed solution, the evidence of its usefulness, criteria for inclusion and exclusion are the important aspects of the search strategy development. For example, Stacey et al (2012) have found in a study â€Å"Acceptability and usability testing of the symptom populated template with 12 practicing oncology nurses revealed: high readability (n=12), just the right amount of information (n=10), appropriate terms (n=10), fit with clinical work flow (n=8), and self-evident for how to complete (n=5).† The important principles governing the template features in respect of clinical nursing protocol are given in Annexure - I. Review of the evidence based literature on triage protocol This paper seeks to provide evidence based literature review on triage protocol covering various aspects related to it. The guidelines issued by the international bodies, articles published in the medical journals and books have been used for the purpose the study. In the Literature Review Grid given under Appendix –III, the study/research type, method used or information available and the results and comments related to the source materials are given for highlighting the reliability of the materials used and its relevance to the study. There are various types of triage scales used in different countries. â€Å"Of note is the Manchester Triage System (MTS) used in the United Kingdom, the Emergency Severity Index (ESI) used in America and the Canadian Emergency Department Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS).† (Monash Institute of Health Services Research, 2001) Triage decisions in respect of nursing are related to emergency care and normal patient care. In a study to assess the workability of triage system in community palliative care, it was found â€Å"

Envy at Work Article Summary Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Envy at Work Summary - Article Example Because envy is generally considered a negative emotion, individuals repress these feelings. Still, these repressed feelings of envy emerge in harmful ways. Menon and Thompson’s research suggests, however, that it is possible to avoid being consumed by these feelings and to implement them to one’s advantage. In further considering the ways that envy emerges and is impactful, Menon and Thompson examine a hypothetical instance involving Scott and Marty. While these individuals were once strong friends, this gave way. While Marty was the better performer, Scott’s personality and social network helped him advance his career at a more rapid rate. This caused significant envy; this envy subsequently started to detrimentally impact Marty’s work performance. Most notably, Marty demonstrated disparagement and distancing. One of the main recognitions was that individuals pull away from others they envy because they feel the emotion more intensely with those they are close to. This distancing then directly impacts functionality and success within the organization. One notable example was that individuals were more willing to accept a project idea if it emerged outside the organization rather than within. The main recognition in these regards was that individuals within the organization worried that by adopting a project from a colleague they would lose status. In this way the colleague would be deemed the intellectual leader. This then costs the organization more money as it is less efficient to adopt ideas from outside the organization than to implement them internally. This is recognized as occurring in a real world example through the restaurant Fresh Choice. While the restaurant appreciated the menus and dà ©cor of a rival restaurant, after acquiring this rival opinions changed. The recognition then became that this newly acquired entity was not as chic as originally determine; this then resulted in the creative professionals leaving the organization. As a

Psychological research into language, and sex and gender

Psychological research into language, and sex and gender In this report I will be evaluating the contribution of social perspectives to our understanding from the two topics found in: OU, DSE212 Challenging Psychological Issues, Book 2. The topics I have chosen for consideration of psychological research are language, and sex and gender. The approaches taken will be analysed the topic in general terms and not to focus on one particular aspect at detailed levels. It points to the lack of a conclusive answer which is caused by Psychology as a discipline being relatively young and still in early stages with a lack of adequately strong theories that might assist to connect otherwise contrasting perspectives co existing. The report concludes that different perspectives within psychology can coexist at times, though conflict is frequent throughout. Sex and Gender The Psychology of sex and gender is one the most topical, important and engaging subjects that psychology, it illustrates many of the difficult issues that psychological explanations must address, including the political implications of different perspectives and the challenging of integrating explanations. It has been a controversial topic since the inception of psychology as a discipline and it powerful illustrates some of the diverse approaches with the field. A deliberation of how psychology approaches the analysis of sex and gender discloses four psychological perspectives, these are: Biological sex differences: Explaining the differences between male and female and biological correlates of behaviour. Investigations ere conducted through scientific processes Evolutionary psychology: Explaining the differences in the behaviour between the sexes in terms of behavioural selection for reproductive fitness. Test are conducted empirically Social constructionist theory: Gender differences between the sexes through the study of discourse in various historical, cultural and social contexts and so is hermeneutic. Psychoanalytic psychology: Development and meaning of sexual differences. Studies are largely done through clinical observation. Direct impressions of the four perspectives are objects of knowledge of each of the perspectives are all valid and useful in general psychology of sex and gender,. They pose somewhat different questions, have different objects of knowledge and use different notions of evidences. These perspectives may be complementary, conflicting however the scope for co-existence is not transparent. Given that the perspectives do not share common objects of knowledge, however is there can be an underlying hope for complementary theories in which together they all contribute to a broad understanding. Sex refer to the biological basis of differences between the sexes, where as gender refers to social constructed categories pertaining to these differences. Assigning a sex to humans can sometimes be a complex process, biological characteristics such as genetics and hormonal used to designate male or female, can be unreliable in small proportions of case, due to genetic abnormalities, such as, Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) and Klinefelterss Syndrome ((XXY) (OU, p137) Certainly the biological and evolutionary perspectives appear complementary at the theoretical level in that both regard biological sex as the determinant of gender and view differences between sexes as biological features that have been selected for during evolution. Evolutionary psychologists argue that sexual selections and the different optimal reproductive styles of our male female ancestors have results in some differences in the behavioural predispositions of the two sexes. These are seen to particularly apparent in the area of sexual behaviours and attitudes. Buss (1992), found while both sexes reported experiencing jealousy at the though of their partner being involved with another person, there were differences in the focus of their concerned. OU,p145) In humans, unlike in other animals, clear differences in brain structures that correlate with differences in adult behaviour patterns have proven difficult to demonstrate. Nonetheless, imaging studies show some sex differences in brain functioning of Western adults. This is probably due, at least in part, to the brains plasticity.(Giedd et al, 1999) )p140). While some sex differences are clearly established at birth for most individuals, bodies and brained may become gendered over lifetime of use. A explanations would appear to be consistent with research findings from cross-cultural differences in male and females sexual behaviours, which Allen and Gorski, 1990 study has backed (OU, p139) However, biological psychology attempts to explain differences in male-female psychology in terms of selected physiological characteristics, for example dimorphism in brain structures (cf. Hofman and Swaab, 1991, cited in Holloway et al, 2007, p.139). On the other hand the evolutionary psychologist would principally argue in favour of selected behavioural characteristics such as differences between male and female sexual attitudes (cf. Clark and Hatfield, 1989, cited in Holloway et al, 2007, p.146). There is thus an apparent conflict at the level of analysis. It is therefore ironic that evolutionary psychology must perforce co-exist with biological psychology since, given the understandable constraints on its ability to conduct the sorts of empirical investigations that might be wished for (cf. Herrnstein-Smith, 2000, cited in Holloway et al, 2007, OU p.141), it is dependent on a certain amount of corroboration from the biological perspective, amongst others (cited in Holloway et al, 2007, pp.184). (22) Social constructionist point of view, they regard sex and gender as characteristics that are revealed only through discourse and action. These are consequence of the individuals behaviour and experience in a given cultural, social and historical context. The depth of the conflict is exemplified by a comparison of evolutionary studies that emphasise cross-cultural stability in particular sexual preferences (cf. Singh 1995, p.148; Buss and Schmitt, 1993, p.148, cited in Holloway et al, 2007) and social constructionist ideas such as Sandra Bem, who developed the idea of the cultural lens of musicality and femininity. This lens is a way of perceiving the world that makes behaviour and experiences gendered, this is called the Gender Schema Theory (1994, Holloway et al, 2007, OU p.153). According to the social constructionist perspectives, biological sex is not central to explaining what it is to be a man or a women, rather it is a signpost to which a whole set of us socially constructed gender differences are attached. In this account, social constructionist created discourse about masculinity and femininity are used by individual to create their own gendered subject positions. Whereas the biological and evolutionary perspectives agree that biological sex lies at the heart of explaining gender, the social constructionist perspective explicitly rejects that view; sometimes for political reasons. In relation to Sex and Gender, political differences are often exposed when conflicting accounts of differences occur. Gender and sexuality came to be seen, through Freuds work, as having far-reaching implications for the development of self. It largely complements the social constructionist, in terms of its interpretive or hermeneutic methodology, its explanations largely focus on the unconscious given that its objects of study entail the meaning of the biological differences between men and women and how these become internalised in the childs mind (OU, Holloway et al, 2007, pp.183). Thus both the social constructionist and psychoanalytic perspectives conflict with the biological and evolutionary approaches at the methodological level. Uniquely however the psychoanalysis perspective recognises both biological and cultural contributions to its theorising. It is not without its share of conflict however. Within the perspective, a important critical developments in the psychoanalytic theory sex and gender includes Freuds notion for the symbolic significance of the penis( and penis envy) quickly came under scrutiny from feminist psychologists to scientific practices. through Freud failure to consider the significant of womens genitals. (OU, Horney, 1926, , 2007, p.164). Language and Meaning There are three main perspectives used to examine the complex area of language, these are: Theory Methods Themes. These perspectives focus on different aspects of language including evolutionary developments of languages, the processing of languages and the construction of meaning through interaction. The study of language and meaning, one finds an equally intriguing mix of potential co-existence, complement and conflict when comparing the three principal perspectives. The evolutionary perspective sets out to explore language to understand how are related structurally and historically, how they are used differently by various social and cultural groups and how languages is used to communicate and create meaning. Language is the main medium for communication between humans beings and where we express, explore and pursue those goals that mean most to us .It is possible to view the three perspectives as at least co-existent. Their objects of knowledge are different and one might expect their cumulative product to contribute to some sort of unified theory. However, the potential for conflict between the cognitive and social constructionist perspectives is revealed in how they view meaning as the object of knowledge. For the former it is something that is constructed internally by the individual prior to transmission, and subsequently reconstructed by the audience. For the latter it is negotiated as a result of discourse between individuals meaning emerges as the result of a complex interplay of intentions, interpretations and power-relations. Thus, there is cause for disagreement as to what meaning is and where it comes from (Sperber and Wilson 1986, OU, p100). That this is adequate to justify a claim of conflict seems weak since the types of meaning espoused by the two perspectives are themselves different. A major social constructionist argument against a purist cognitive perspective is that cognitive processes cannot be transparently reported. This argument is one that cognitive researchers have long acknowledged. Commenting on early research into the cognitive modelling of language Boden (1977, pp.113ff, et passim) notes that a persons understanding of language in a given instance is dependent, not simply on their knowledge of the world around them, but crucially on their understanding of their relationship with who they communicate with. Within the evolutionary perspective there is also a debate as to whether language evolved as an adaptation advantage and was the foundation for other cognitive abilities. Pinker (1994) believes that languages may have evolved through natural selection, perhaps in conjunction with other cognitive abilities, OU, p83) or as a consequence of selection for an ability to form our Metarepresentation (Sperber, 2000, p.86). These are contradictory and conflicting views.. The major differences between psychological methods based on natural science principles and those based those on hermeneutic principles means that preservatives based on these methods may have difficulty achieving more than uneasy coexistence. Psychologists do not stand on such substantial bedrock. The questions they pose are often difficult to formulate computationally without reducing the predictive power of any solution, whereas the history of physics can be measured in thousands of years, psychology as a recognisable discipline has existed for just over a century. A inevitable conclusion is that psychology is characterised by perspectives that at one or more of these levels conflict, co-exist or complement, No perspective on its own can tell the whole story. The perspectives and levels of analysis and explanations cannot just be combined without an account of how they interact. Word count: 1793 294 (References + Quotes +Titles + Bullet Points) = 1499

Shakespeare’s Audience: Research Synthesis

The uneducated lower class audience was interested in the violence Shakespeare's plays consisted of. The Elizabethan era's culture was violent and cruel. For example, if an individual did not enjoy plays, they could witness a â€Å". public execution by hanging, beheading, or any number of gruesome ways. † (Wave ; Davis, 109). To keep his violent audience entertained and engaged in his plays, Shakespeare had to include an ample amount of violence throughout them. Sometimes, audience members would become fatigued.To really excite and give them a rush to awaken his audience members, he would spontaneously throw in ction scenes right after, or in the middle of a tragic, or comedic event. One example can be found in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Not too long after Romeo and Juliet are married, a fight occurs, and after Romeo heard Tybalt has killed his beloved friend, Mercutio, he tells Benvolio â€Å"†¦ La] fire-eyed fury be my conduct now!†¦. for Mercutio's soul! â €Å"(Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare). Romeo, who had remained calm throughout Tybalt and Mercutio's dispute, later kills Tybalt to avenge Mercutio.Directly after their marriage, a calm and Joyous scene, Shakespeare has an abrupt ction scene imputed to thrill his audience. Although the lower class enjoyed a good comedy, they also went to the theater to watch the newest foray into suicide, debauchery, and murder. Once again in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, he has a thought out plan that seems well, transform into a violent and disastrous one. After Juliet sees her lover has killed himself, she is left alone by Friar, while she is awaiting Friar, she becomes frightened by the watchman entering the tomb and says â€Å"O happy dagger!This is thy sheath; there rust and let me die. â€Å"(Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare). She was fearful of the watchman seeing she was still alive, and in turn committed suicide. Shakespeare mislead his audience through a bloody, twist ending, which was exac tly what they would have enjoyed watching. The lower class members of Shakespeare's audience enjoyed his anatomical humor. He wanted his audience members to have sterling Junctures while watching his plays, so he included an abundance of sexual innuendos.Shakespeare was at times too â€Å"bawdy, sometimes vulgar, many times pushing the bounds of good taste. † (Cork Milner). Shakespeare at some points was abrupt and too direct with ome of his Jokes, but audience members still enjoyed them. Shakespeare is known for his masterful way with words. Some say he was clever at playing around with them. One area where he used this talent is when he inserted sexual innuendos into and find that the clever wit of his sexual innuendo not only has comic significance, but is used to develop character, themes, and plot as well. â€Å"( transmedialshakespeare. ordpress. com). While using sexual innuendos to appeal to the lower class, Shakespeare was also using them to mold parts of his plays, which is why people often refer to him as one of the greatest play writes of all ime. He used every bit of his plays to his advantage, and through the use of sexual innuendos, he was able to mold parts his plays, while still entertaining his audience. Shakespeare knew how to give his audience members individually what they came for because â€Å"Shakespeare realized sexual Jokes, especially double entendres, put the twinkle in the performance,† Oohn Basil).He used his specialty of wordplay to conjure clever sexual innuendos and naughty puns throughout his plays. William Shakespeare's educated spectators were allured by his use of mythological allusions. Only the upper class was able to afford an education and were able to understand all of the â€Å"references from Greek & Roman mythology in his plays†¦ they are an identifier with ancient tales, and also tie in stories most of the populace was familiar with†(wcuenglish. net).Shakespeare's use of Theseus as the Du ke of Athens and Hippolyta as his queen immediately allows the educated audience to make a mythological connection in A Midsummer Night's Dream. As the audience identified one character from Greek mythology, they then naturally associated the other characters with this mythology if they were a member of the pper class and had an education. For example, two other characters, Oberon and Titania, could be compared with their mythological traits to be viewed similar to Zeus and Hera.His audience could make connections and know when that when Theseus says â€Å"Now, fair Hippolyta, our nuptial hour Draws on apace† (A Midsummer Night's Dream Shakespeare) that the story was a mythological allusion of Theseus and could recognize his Amazonian queen Hippolyta, and understand the specific myth being drawn. Another example that the upper class would be able to point out would be Puck relating to Eros, the Greek god of sexual love and beauty. The love Juice that Puck places over characte rs' eyes to make them fall in love with the first thing they see after waking is equivalent to Eros' golden arrows, having the same effect.The audience could correlate these distinct characters due to their connection to Theseus. Shakespeare more directly compares the two characters when Oberon says â€Å"Flower of this purple dye†¦ Hit with Cupid's archery†¦ Sin in apple of his eye† (A Midsummer Night's Dream Shakespeare). Lastly, Shakespeare appealed to the upper class through clever wordplay. Shakespeare was an ingenious man, an ample amount of these puns are in all of his plays and â€Å"Like most Elizabethans, Shakespeare loved puns†¦ the average per play was around eighty.Many of Shakespeare's original puns depended on words that were spelled different, but sounded alike† (Wave & Davis, 54). Shakespeare's brilliant word play could only be enjoyed by the upper class, because of their education; they were able to understand the multiple meanings of s ome of the words. Enjoying the genius and humor in Shakespeare's work of clever word play, was something the ower class was sadly not privileged with. One example of the clever word play Romeo that â€Å"tomorrow you shall find me a grave man. â€Å"(Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare).In this Shakespeare meant grave as Mercutio being serious, but here it also alludes to his imminent death, aimed towards his educated audience members who would be able to infer this. Shakespeare's clever word play required a trained ear to be able to fully understand all of what Shakespeare intended to get across. For instance when Mercutio says â€Å"Sure wit, follow me this Jest now till thou ast worn out thy pump, that, when the single sole of it is worn, the Jest may remain, after the wearing, solely singular. † (Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare).This one is a double pun. One meaning is that the sole of the shoe, the pump they are talking about, is single, which is to say, it has only one layer of leather. Shakespeare puns the sole of a shoe with â€Å"solely† trying to say only, exclusively and puns the word single with â€Å"singular† meaning one of a kind, unique and says that his Joke is exclusively unique, or solely singular. Shakespeare knew only the educated would be able to atch his double meaning wordplay and perhaps, he would also test them on how much they would receive from his word play.William Shakespeare tried captivating his audience while they watched his plays, but certain aspects included in they were specifically aimed for different classes. He used mythological allusions and clever word play for the upper and the violence and sexual innuendos were meant for lower uneducated class audience. Shakespeare was an ingenious play write and knew what his audience members were entertained by and he knew exactly how to appeal to their tastes of theatre.

Gavin Menzies’ Voyages

Gavin Menzies Essay Gavin Menzies was a royal navy submarine captain that worked for the British government and now is trying to let the world know his opinion on the discovery of the Americas: did the Chinese discover the Americas before Columbus? Menzies takes on a voyage where he tries to find evidence to support his thesis and comes up with several different theories; his first stop: Calicut. Menzies claims that the Ming dynasty's famous navigator Zheng He managed to reach the cape of good hope and from there he should have reached the Americas too.Gavin also claims that a famous Italian writer of the time, Nicolo ‘ Di Conti, might have made contact with Zheng ‘s fleet in Calicut and might have also left with them for the New World; Unfortunately for Menzies this idea was quickly discarded for there are historical records that suggest that Di Conti immediately returned back to Italy after his trip to Calicut ( he might have also carried some Chinese maps of their voya ges with him).Menzies then pulls out some more evidence that a map found was possibly a Chinese map that led to the islands of the Antilles, but according to a few historians and cartographers, the maps were confusing inaccurate and the islands were displaced in random places. The possibility of a slipway on one of the tropical islands was rejected by many geologists that state that those rocks where there for no peculiar reason.Still not giving up on his quest, Gavin Menzies slightly alters his theory: he affirms that an Italian, Verazzano, went on a voyage with the Chinese and stating that he saw â€Å"people running like Chinese†; but as we already know, even Columbus, thought that the people he thought were Chinese but they were just the Native American tribes that lived on the coastline.It was also verified that Indigenous people were descendants of other Asian tribes that might have reached the Americas by crossing an icy passage in North America. There is no concrete i nformation or evidence that the Chinese ever got to America, because if that were so than the Chinese would have set up outposts, settled or maybe started trading the tropical goods with Europe and probably could have made a fortune!Lastly, Menzies tries convincing the people when he claims that an old Chinese report states that the Ming fleet arrived at the shore of about 3000 different countries(the only way to do this was by reaching the Americas too)! The Chinese historian that owned the archives rejects this last of Gavin's theories because of a simple calligraphy misunderstanding: the Chinese character † † means 30 and † † means 3000 so the record can be misunderstood because the record actually just meant 30 different countries†¦Any claims concerning history, especially when it has been firmly accepted by historians and other professionals on that certain topic, should have reliable and plausible evidence along with clarifications and explanations to be supported; That is how history has been built up so far and it's how it will continue to be built. When an argument concerning history that relies on inaccurate evidence and unsupported theories, such as that found in Menzies' show. The argument does not deserve to be reconsidered.

Different Attitudes And Views Among Generations - 1422 Words

The proposal of each author portrays different attitudes and views among generations, each author discusses a similar idea of why each writer is different. Disregarding the audience each author focuses on, the main purpose is to argue whether writing has changed or remained similar through generation. One author believes that technology influenced writing as opposed to two authors who believe it is within the writer itself (authors interest). There is one author who believes that writing has not refined through generations. Despite the different attitudes towards writing, the authors establish a common talking point about what effects writing and why. Those who fall under the first camp of composing relate writing to self-importance. The second camp discusses how different types of support affect the style of writing, while the last camp believes delivery and articulation changes the way an author writes. Most of the authors agree that time has an importance as well as an impact rela ting to writing. Those who oppose do not believe that writing has changed or at least has not changed because of generations. That is to say that each camp discusses the ideas of that author in order to support their reasoning. The argument raised in this paper is if writing has changed over time. In regards to the first camp Cristina Nehring argues that writing is becoming a figure of time in her article â€Å"What s wrong with the American essay.† In particular it use to be more based on authorsShow MoreRelatedPublic Attitude Towards Immigration At Supranational, National And Regional Level865 Words   |  4 Pages(Pinder and Usherwood, 2013: 93). Some researchers investigated public attitude towards immigration at supranational, national and regional level in Europe. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate those empirical researches on public attitude towards immigration. 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